Method of laser irradiation, laser irradiation apparatus, and method of manufacturing a semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

If an optical path length of an optical system is reduced and a length of a laser light on an irradiation surface is increased, there occurs curvature of field which is a phenomenon that a convergent position deviates depending on an incident angle or incident position of a laser light with respect to a lens. To avoid this phenomenon, an optical element having a negative power such as a concave lens or a concave cylindrical lens is inserted to regulate the optical path length of the laser light and a convergent position is made coincident with a irradiation surface to form an image on the irradiation surface.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a laser beam irradiation method and alaser irradiation apparatus for using the method (apparatus including alaser and an optical system for guiding laser beam emitted from thelaser to an object to be irradiated). In addition, the present inventionrelates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, whichincludes a laser beam irradiation step. Note that a semiconductor devicedescribed here includes an electro-optical device such as a liquidcrystal display device or a light-emitting device and an electronicdevice that includes the electro-optical device as a part.

2. Description of the Related Art

In recent years, a wide study has been made on a technique in whichlaser annealing is performed for a semiconductor film formed on aninsulating substrate made of glass or the like, to crystallize the film,to improve its crystallinity so that a crystalline semiconductor film isobtained, or to activate an impurity element. Note that a crystallinesemiconductor film in this specification indicates a semiconductor filmin which a crystallized region is present, and also includes asemiconductor film that is crystallized as a whole.

A method of forming pulse laser beam from an excimer laser or the likeby an optical system such that it becomes a square spot of several cm ora linear shape of 100 mm or more in length on an irradiation surface,and scanning the laser beam (or relatively shifting an irradiationposition of the laser beam with respect to the irradiation surface) toconduct annealing is superior in mass productivity and is excellent intechnology. The “linear shape” described here means not a “line” in thestrict sense but a rectangle (or a prolate ellipsoid shape) having ahigh aspect ratio. For example, it indicates a shape having an aspectratio of 10 or more (preferably, 100 to 10000). Note that the linearshape is used to obtain an energy density required for sufficientlyannealing an object to be irradiated. Thus, if sufficient annealing isconducted for the object to be irradiated, it may be a rectangularshape.

FIGS. 27A and 27B show an example of a configuration of an opticalsystem for forming laser beam in a linear shape on an irradiationsurface. This configuration is extremely general. All optical systemsdescribed above are based on the configuration shown in FIGS. 27A and27B. According to the configuration, a cross sectional shape of laserbeam is converted into a linear shape, and simultaneously an energydensity distribution of laser beam on the irradiation surface ishomogenized. In general, an optical system for homogenizing the energydensity distribution of laser beam is called a beam homogenizer.

Laser beam emitted from a laser 101 is divided in a directionperpendicular to an optical axis the laser beam by a cylindrical lensarray 103. The direction is called a first direction in thisspecification. It is assumed that, when a mirror is inserted in a courseof an optical system, the first direction is changed in accordance witha direction of light bent by the mirror. In this configuration, thecylindrical lens array is divided into seven parts. Then, the laserbeams are superposed on an irradiation surface 109 by a cylindrical lens104, thereby homogenizing an energy density distribution of the linearlaser beam in the longitudinal direction, and the length of thelongitudinal direction is determined.

Next, the configuration shown in the side view of FIG. 27B will bedescribed. Laser beam emitted from a laser 101 is divided in a directionperpendicular to an optical axis thereof and the first direction bycylindrical lens arrays 102 a and 102 b. The direction is called asecond direction in this specification. It is assumed that, when amirror is inserted in a course of an optical system, the seconddirection is changed in accordance with a direction of light bent by themirror. In this configuration, the cylindrical lens arrays 102 a and 102b each are divided into four parts. The divided laser beams aretemporarily synthesized by a cylindrical lens 104. After that, the laserbeams are reflected by a mirror 107 and then condensed by a doubletcylindrical lens 108 so that they become again single laser beam on theirradiation surface 109. The doublet cylindrical lens 108 is a lenscomposed of two cylindrical lenses. Thus, an energy density distributionof the linear laser beam in a width direction is homogenized, therebyhomogenizing an energy density distribution of the linear laser beam inthe longitudinal direction, and the length of the width direction isdetermined.

For example, an excimer laser in which a size in a laser window is 10mm×30 mm (which each are a half-width in beam profile) is used as thelaser 101 and laser beam is produced by the optical system having theconfiguration shown in FIGS. 27A and 27B. Then, linear laser beam whichhas a uniform energy density distribution and a size of 125 mm×0.4 mmcan be obtained on the irradiation surface 109.

At this time, when, for example, quartz is used for all base materialsof the optical system, high transmittance is obtained. Note that coatingis preferably conducted for the optical system such that transmittanceof 99% or more is obtained at a frequency of the used excimer laser.

Then, the linear laser beam formed by the above configuration isirradiated with an overlap state while being gradually shifted in awidth direction thereof. Thus, when laser annealing is performed for theentire surface of an amorphous semiconductor film, the amorphoussemiconductor film can be crystallized, crystallinity can be improved toobtain a crystalline semiconductor film, or an impurity element can beactivated.

In addition, an area of a substrate used for manufacturing asemiconductor device is being increased more and more. This is becausehigh throughput and a low cost can be realized in the case where aplurality of semiconductor devices such as liquid crystal display devicepanels are manufactured from a single large area substrate as comparedwith, for example, the case where a semiconductor device such as liquidcrystal display device panel is manufactured from a single substrate. Atthe present time, for example, a substrate of 600 mm×720 mm, a circularsubstrate of 12 inches (about 300 mm in diameter), etc. are used as thelarge area substrate. Further, it is expected that a substrate in whicha length of one side exceeds 1000 mm will be also used in future.

However, in the optical system forming a linear beam that is longer thanthe prior art, for example, 300 mm, in the length direction, the opticalpath length thereof is as long as 5,000 mm. It is extremely difficultand requires a large footprint to perform optical adjustment of theoptical system with such a long optical path length, thereby causing aproblem in that the apparatus becomes larger.

Now, a part of the optical system is changed, for example, a lens with ashort focal distance is substituted for the lens that is used to changethe distance between the lenses, and the optical path length of theoptical system forming the linear beam of 300 mm in the lengthdirection, is set to, for example, 2,400 mm. However, in the linear beamformed by the optical system, a convergent position deviates at bothends of the irradiation surface in the length direction.

Here, the description will be made of the cause that the convergentposition deviates at both ends of the irradiation surface in the lengthdirection by making the optical path length short. The optical pathlength of light incident obliquely upon the lens is longer than that oflight incident perpendicularly thereupon. Also, as the incident angle ofthe obliquely incident light is larger, the optical path difference fromthe perpendicularly incident light is larger. The difference of theoptical path length depending on the incident position or incident anglebecomes deviation of the convergent position. Accordingly, in theirradiation surface, an image thereon is fuzzier in its part closer tothe end of the laser beam, that is, curvature of field develops in whichan image is formed on a curved surface as shown in FIG. 28. If such alinear beam is used to perform annealing on an irradiation subject,annealing can not be uniformly performed.

In addition, under the present circumstances where substrate areas areincreasing greatly, there is an urgent need to form the linear beam ofapproximately 1000 mm in the length direction. For example, in case ofperforming annealing on a large area substrate, if the linear beam of300 mm in the length direction is used, it is impossible to performannealing on the entire surface of the large area substrate with onlyone scanning by irradiating the linear beam to the large area substratewhile moving the beam in one direction relative to the substrate, and itis required to move the beam in at least two directions or to irradiatethe beam plural times, thereby reducing the throughput. As a result,depending on a scanning method of the laser beam, there is formed aregion where annealing is performed plural times or a region where noannealing is performed, so that there is a strong possibility that theannealing is not uniformly performed. When the optical system istherefore devised which forms the linear beam having such a length inthe length direction that makes it possible to perform annealing on theentire surface by moving the beam in only one direction along the largearea substrate, for example, a length of 1000 mm, supposing the opticalpath length is in a range where it can be used in practice, theconvergent position deviates at both ends of the irradiation surface inthe length direction.

The cause that the convergent position deviates at both ends of theirradiation surface in the length direction by forming the laser beamwhich is long in the length direction is similar to that by making theoptical path length short. It is because the difference of the opticalpath length depending on the incident position or incident angle becomesdeviation of the convergent position and the curvature of fielddevelops. Even if the linear beam is made longer in the length directionin order to perform annealing uniformly, as long as such a linear beamwith the convergent position deviating at both ends in the lengthdirection is used, annealing can not be uniformly performed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above-mentioned problems, the present invention has anobject to provide a laser irradiation apparatus having a short opticalpath length, and also to provide a laser irradiation apparatus capableof avoiding deviation of a convergent position at both ends of arectangular beam, in particular, a linear beam, in a long-dimensiondirection. Further, the present invention has an object to provide amethod of laser irradiation using such a laser irradiation apparatus,and also to provide a method of manufacturing a semiconductor deviceincluding the method of laser irradiation in a process.

The more astigmatism is corrected, the more curvature of field isreduced, which is a phenomenon that the convergent position deviatesdepending on an incident angle or incident position of a laser beam withrespect to a lens. The present invention is therefore characterized inthat, as shown in FIG. 1, a concave lens is inserted to regulate theoptical path length of the laser beam and the convergent position ismade coincident with an irradiation surface to form an image on theirradiation surface. In the present invention, an optical element, ofcourse, is not limited to the concave lens but may be the opticalelement having a negative power, or a cylindrical lens which has acurvature only with respect to the direction parallel to thelong-dimension direction. Further, the combination of a convexcylindrical lens and the concave lens or the combination of the convexcylindrical lens and a concave cylindrical lens may be used. Inaddition, a toroidal lens, a Crossed Cylindrical Lens, or the like maybe used in the present invention.

Note that the convex cylindrical lens is the cylindrical lens having apositive power and the concave cylindrical lens is the cylindrical lenshaving the negative power. Also, the Crossed Cylindrical Lens is thecylindrical lens in which the curvatures of a first surface and a secondsurface of the lens are formed so as to be perpendicular to each other,and will be referred to as crossed cylindrical lens hereinafter.

According to the present invention, a structure of the inventiondisclosed in this specification relates to a laser irradiationapparatus, characterized by including: a laser; a first forming meansfor providing a laser beam emitted from the laser with a uniform energydistribution in a first direction perpendicular to an optical axis ofthe laser beam; a second forming means for regulating an optical pathlength to an irradiation surface of the laser beam to set a convergentposition of the laser beam on the irradiation surface (including a planein the vicinity thereof); and a third forming means for providing thelaser beam with a uniform energy distribution in a second directionperpendicular to the optical axis of the laser beam and the firstdirection.

In the above structure, the laser is characterized by being a solidlaser or gas laser of a continuous oscillation type or pulse oscillationtype. Note that, examples of the solid laser include a continuousoscillation or pulse oscillation YAG laser, YVO₄ laser, YLF laser, YAlO₃laser, glass laser, ruby laser, alexandrite laser, and Ti:sapphirelaser. Examples of the gas laser include a continuous oscillation orpulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser, and Kr laser.

Further, in the above structure, it is desirable that the laser beam beconverted into a harmonic by a non-linear optical element. For example,the YAG laser is known to emit the laser beam with a wavelength of 1065nm as a fundamental wave. Since an absorption coefficient of this laserbeam with respect to an amorphous silicon film is extremely low, underthe present circumstances, it is technically difficult to performcrystallization of the amorphous silicon film which is one ofsemiconductor films. However, if the non-linear optical element is used,the laser beam can be converted into one having a shorter wavelength.Examples of the harmonics include a second harmonic (wavelength: 532nm), a third harmonic (wavelength: 355 nm), a fourth harmonic(wavelength: 266 nm) and a fifth harmonic (wavelength: 213 nm). Theabsorption coefficients of those harmonics are high with respect to theamorphous silicon film, so that they can be used for performingcrystallization of the amorphous silicon film.

Further, according to the present invention, another structure of theinvention disclosed in this specification relates to a method of laserirradiation, characterized by including: providing a laser beam with auniform energy distribution in a first direction perpendicular to anoptical axis of the laser beam; regulating an optical path length to anirradiation surface of the laser beam to set a convergent position ofthe laser beam on the irradiation surface (including a plane in thevicinity thereof); providing the laser beam with a uniform energydistribution in a second direction perpendicular to the optical axis ofthe laser beam and the first direction; and irradiating the laser beamto an irradiation subject while moving the beam relative to the subject.

In the above structure, the laser is characterized by being a solidlaser or gas laser of a continuous oscillation type or pulse oscillationtype. Note that, examples of the solid laser include a continuousoscillation or pulse oscillation YAG laser, YVO₄ laser, YLF laser, YAlO₃laser, glass laser, ruby laser, alexandrite laser, and Ti:sapphirelaser. Examples of the gas laser include a continuous oscillation orpulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser, and Kr laser.

Further, in the above structure, it is desirable that the laser beam beconverted into a harmonic by a non-linear optical element.

Further, according to the present invention, still another structure ofthe invention disclosed in this specification relates to a method ofmanufacturing a semiconductor device, characterized by including:providing a laser beam with a uniform energy distribution in a firstdirection perpendicular to an optical axis of the laser beam; regulatingan optical path length to an irradiation surface of the laser beam toset a convergent position of the laser beam on the irradiation surface(including a plane in the vicinity thereof); providing the laser beamwith a uniform energy distribution in a second direction perpendicularto the optical axis of the laser beam and the first direction; andirradiating the laser beam to a semiconductor film while moving the beamrelative to the film.

In the above structure, the laser is characterized by being a solidlaser or gas laser of a continuous oscillation type or pulse oscillationtype. Note that, examples of the solid laser include a continuousoscillation or pulse oscillation YAG laser, YVO₄ laser, YLF laser, YAlO₃laser, glass laser, ruby laser, alexandrite laser, and Ti:sapphirelaser. Examples of the gas laser include a continuous oscillation orpulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser, and Kr laser.

Further, in the above structure, it is desirable that the laser beam beconverted into a harmonic by a non-linear optical element.

Further, in the above structure, it is desirable that the semiconductorfilm contain silicon.

The present invention is extremely effective in cases for reducing theoptical path length of the optical system to easily perform opticaladjustment, and also extremely effective in case of forming the laserbeam having a length that corresponds to the length of a large areasubstrate. This is because, although there is an urgent need toirradiate the laser beam to the large area substrate only once in onedirection while moving the beam relative to the substrate in order toperform annealing uniformly with high efficiency, the longer the lengthof the laser beam in the length direction becomes, the larger deviationdevelops in the incident position and in the incident angle with respectto the lens and the more easily the curvature of field occurs. It isremarkably important to perform annealing uniformly in order to makeproperties of the irradiation subject uniform. For example, if theirradiation subject is the semiconductor film, uniform film propertiesare realized for the semiconductor film which is annealed uniformly,thereby enabling to reduce a variation of electrical characteristics ofa TFT manufactured from these semiconductor films. Further, in thesemiconductor device manufactured from these TFTs, operationalcharacteristics and reliability thereof can be improved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 shows an example of avoiding curvature of field by a concavelens;

FIGS. 2A and 2B show an example of an optical system having an opticalpath length of approximately 5,000 mm which is used for forming a linearbeam of 300 mm in length in a long-dimension direction:

FIG. 3 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface by the optical system shown in FIGS. 2Aand 2B;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show an example of an optical system having an opticalpath length of approximately 2,400 mm which is used for forming a linearbeam of 300 mm in length in a long-dimension direction;

FIG. 5 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface by the optical system shown in FIGS. 4Aand 4B;

FIGS. 6A and 6B show an example of an optical system having an opticalpath length of approximately 2,400 mm which is used for forming a linearbeam of 300 mm in length in a long-dimension direction by using atoroidal lens;

FIG. 7 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface by the optical system shown in FIGS. 6Aand 6B;

FIGS. 8A and 8B show an example of an optical system which is used forforming a rectangular beam;

FIGS. 9A and 9B show an example of an optical system which is used forforming a linear beam of 300 mm in length in a long-dimension direction;

FIG. 10 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface by the optical system shown in FIGS. 9Aand 9B;

FIGS. 11A and 11B show an example of an optical system which is used forforming a linear beam of 1,000 mm in length in a long-dimensiondirection;

FIG. 12 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface in the case where a curvature isprovided to a second surface of a lens 1007 in the optical system shownin FIGS. 11A and 11B;

FIG. 13 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on the irradiation surface in the case where no curvature isprovided to the second surface of the lens 1007 in the optical systemshown in FIGS. 11A and 11B;

FIGS. 14A and 14B show an example of an optical system which is used forforming a linear beam of 1,000 mm in length in a long-dimensiondirection;

FIG. 15 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface by the optical system shown in FIGS.14A and 14B;

FIGS. 16A and 16B show an example of an optical system which is used forforming a linear beam of 1,000 mm in length in a long-dimensiondirection;

FIG. 17 shows an example of a distribution of laser beam energy which isformed on an irradiation surface by the optical system shown in FIGS.16A and 16B;

FIGS. 18A to 18C are cross-sectional views showing a manufacturingprocess of a pixel TFT and a TFT of a driver circuit;

FIGS. 19A to 19C are cross-sectional views showing a manufacturingprocess of the pixel TFT and the TFT of the driver circuit;

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view showing a manufacturing process of thepixel TFT and the TFT of the driver circuit;

FIG. 21 is a top view showing a structure of a pixel TFT;

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of an active matrix liquid crystaldisplay device;

FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view showing a structure of a drivercircuit and a pixel portion of a light-emitting device;

FIGS. 24A to 24F show examples of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 25A to 25D show examples of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 26A to 26C show examples of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 27A and 27B are a top view and a side view showing an example of aconventional optical system;

FIG. 28 shows an example of forming curvature of field; and

FIGS. 29A and 29B show an example of applying the present invention to alarge area substrate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In this embodiment mode, a method of correcting a convergent positionthat deviates even in a case where an optical path length is as short as2821.7 mm will be explained by using FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 7. There will bedescribed here about an optical system for making a laser beam emittedfrom a laser into a linear beam of 300 mm in length. However, thepresent invention is not limited to the case where a length of thelinear beam is 300 mm, but may be similarly applied to the case where itis longer than or shorter than 300 mm. Also, the optical path length isnot limited to the above value.

Note that, in this specification, a description of arrangement of lenseswill be made referring to a direction in which photons travel along anoptical axis of the laser beam as a forward direction. Also, a side ofthe lens upon which the laser beam is incident is referred to as a firstsurface and a side of the lens from which the laser beam is emitted isreferred to as a second surface. A curvature radius of the first surfaceis represented by R₁ and a curvature radius of the second surface isrepresented by R₂. A sign of the curvature radius to be used is a minuswhen a center of curvature is at the side upon which the laser beam isincident viewed from the lens, is a plus when it is at the side fromwhich the laser beam is emitted, and is ∞ in the case of a plane.Further, the lenses to be used are all made from synthetic quartz glass(refractive index: 1.485634), but may not be limited thereto. Also, ifcoating applied on the surface of the synthetic quartz glass isappropriately replaced depending on a wavelength of the laser to beused, the lens can be applied to various kinds of lasers.

FIG. 6A shows the optical system with a long-dimension direction beingviewed perpendicularly and FIG. 6B shows the optical system with a inthe width direction being viewed perpendicularly.

The laser beam emitted from the laser 1301 is expanded to be twice aslarge both in the length direction and the in the width direction by abeam expander. Note that the beam expander is effective particularly inthe case where a shape of the laser beam emitted from the laser issmall, and may not be used depending on a size of the laser beam.

Then, the laser beam emitted from the beam expander enters cylindricallens arrays 1403 a and 1403 b and a cylindrical lens 1404 structuring afirst forming means. The three lenses are arranged such that curvaturesthereof are parallel to each other in the length direction. Further,there is provided a toroidal lens 1506 b which is a second formingmeans. Note that it is desirable that the curvature thereof be within arange of 13,000 to 18,000. Due to these lenses, the laser beam is madeuniform in energy in the length direction.

The laser beam emitted from the cylindrical lens 1404 is transmittedthrough cylindrical lens arrays 1405 a and 1405 b structuring a thirdforming means, and enters the cylindrical lens 1406 a and the toroidallens 1506 b. Due to these lenses, an energy distribution of the laserbeam is made uniform in a in the width direction and, at the same, thelaser beam is contracted.

FIG. 7 shows a simulation result of the energy distribution of thelinear beam on an irradiation surface 1308 formed by the above opticalsystem. In FIG. 7, the abscissa axis represents the length in the in thewidth direction and the ordinate axis represents the length in thelength direction. According to FIG. 7, widths in the vicinity of thecenter and at both ends of the linear beam in the length direction arethe same. This indicates that the convergent position is coincident withthe irradiation surface. That is, uniformity of the energy distributionis excellent.

If annealing is performed on a semiconductor film by using a laserirradiation apparatus such as the above optical system, it is possibleto crystallize the semiconductor film, to improve crystallinity toobtain a crystalline semiconductor film, and to perform activation of animpurity element.

Alternatively, although the toroidal lens is used as the third formingmeans in this embodiment mode, there is no limitation thereto, so thatthe lens with a curvature radius of the first surface being minus or thelens with a curvature radius of the second surface being plus may beused, and that the cylindrical lens each surface of which has acurvature only with respect to the direction parallel to thelong-dimension direction may also be used. In addition, a concave lensand a crossed cylindrical lens, or the like may be used.

Further, although the convergent position that deviates at both ends ofthe laser beam is corrected by changing the lens closest to theirradiation surface or inserting the additional lens in this embodimentmode, there is of course no limitation to this position.

Note that, although the laser beam having a shape on the irradiationsurface being a linear shape is formed in this embodiment mode, thepresent invention is not limited to the linear shape. For example, inFIGS. 6A and 6B, an expansion function is provided in the lengthdirection and in the width direction by using the cylindrical lensarrays 1403 a and 1403 b and cylindrical lens arrays 1405 a and 1405 b.However, if the cylindrical lens array 1403 b and cylindrical lens array1405 b are removed, the laser beam is not to be expanded, therebyforming the laser beam having a smaller aspect ratio than the laser beamformed by the optical system shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. Also, since atype of the laser beam emitted from the laser varies, even if the shapeis formed by the optical system, affection of an original shape islikely to occur. For example, the shape of the laser beam emitted froman XeCl excimer laser (wavelength: 308 nm, pulse width: 30 ns) is arectangular shape of 10 mm×30 mm (both being a half-value width in abeam profile). The shape of the laser beam emitted from a solid laser isa circular shape if a rod shape thereof is a cylindrical shape, and isthe rectangular shape if the rod shape is a slab-like shape. In everyshape, there occurs no problem as long as the shape provides an energydensity which is sufficient for annealing of the irradiation subject,thereby enabling to apply the present invention thereto.

In accordance with the present invention with the above-describedstructure, a further detailed description will be given with respect toembodiments described hereinbelow.

Embodiment 1

In this embodiment, an example of applying the present invention isdescribed in the case that an optical path length of an optical systemwhich forms a laser beam into a linear shape is made smaller. Inaddition, in an explanation of an arrangement of lenses, a traveldirection of photon at an optical axis of a laser beam indicatesforward.

First, an optical system having a 5065.2 mm in an optical path lengthfor forming a linear beam having a 300 mm in longitudinal direction isillustrated. FIG. 2A shows an optical system in the case where alongitudinal direction of laser beam is viewed from a directionperpendicular thereto and FIG. 2B shows the optical system in the casewhere a width direction of laser beam is viewed from a directionperpendicular thereto.

Laser beam emitted from a laser 1301 is expanded by a beam expander inboth the longitudinal direction and the width direction by about twotimes. The beam expander is composed of a spherical lens (50 mm inradius, 7 mm in thickness, R₁=−220 mm, and R₂=∞) 1302 a and a sphericallens (50 mm in radius, 7 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, and R₂=−400 mm) 1302 bwhich is located at a distance of 400 mm from the spherical lens 1302 a.The two lenses 1302 a and 1302 b that have a function of expansion thesize of the laser beam are referred to as a beam expander. To refractthe optical path, plural mirrors tend to be provided between laser andlenses that are located before the beam expanders.

The laser beam emitted from the beam expander is incident into acylindrical lens array 1303 a which is located at a distance of 50 mmfrom the beam expander toward the front. After that, the laser beam istransmitted through a cylindrical lens array 1303 b which is located ata distance of 88 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1303 a toward thefront, and then incident into a cylindrical lens 1304 which is locatedat a distance of 120 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1303 b towardthe front. The cylindrical lens array 1303 a includes 40 cylindricallenses (each having 60 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mm in thickness,R₁=28 mm, and R₂=∞) located. The cylindrical lens array 1303 b includes40 cylindrical lenses (each having 60 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mmin thickness, R_(t)=−13.33 mm, and R₂=∞) located. The cylindrical lens1304 is a cylindrical lens having 150 mm in length, 60 mm in width, 20mm in thickness, R₁=2140 mm, and R₂

. The cylindrical lens arrays 1303 a and 1303 b and the cylindrical lens1304 each are arranged such that curvatures thereof are parallel to eachother in the longitudinal direction. Due to these lenses, the laser beamis made uniform in energy in the longitudinal direction.

The laser beam emitted from the cylindrical lens 1304 is incident into acylindrical lens array 1305 a which is located at a distance of 395 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1304 toward the front. After that, the laserbeam is transmitted through a cylindrical lens array 1305 b which islocated at a distance of 65 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1305 atoward the front, and then incident into a cylindrical lens 1306 whichis located at a distance of 1600 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1305b toward the front. The cylindrical lens array 1305 a includes 16cylindrical lenses (each having 150 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mm inthickness, R₁=100 mm, and R₂=∞) located in array. The cylindrical lensarray 1305 b includes 16 cylindrical lenses (each having 150 mm inlength, 2 mm in width, 5 mm in thickness, R₁=

, and R₂=80 mm) located. The cylindrical lens 1306 is a cylindrical lenshaving 900 mm in length, 60 mm in width, 20 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, andR₂=−486 mm. The cylindrical lens arrays 1305 a and 1305 b and thecylindrical lens 1306 each are arranged such that the curvature isparallel to the width direction. By these three lenses, an energydensity distribution of the laser beam is homogenized in the widthdirection and simultaneously a width thereof is shortened. Thus, linearlaser beam having a width of 2 mm is produced at a distance of 800 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1306 toward the front.

In order to further shorten the above linear laser beam having the widthof 2 mm in a width direction, a doublet cylindrical lens 1307 is locatedat a distance of 2050 mm from the cylindrical lens 1306 toward thefront. The doublet cylindrical lens 1307 is composed of two cylindricallenses 1307 a and 1307 b. The cylindrical lens 1307 a is a cylindricallens having 400 mm in length, 70 mm in width, 10 mm in thickness, R₁=125mm, and R₂=77 mm. The cylindrical lens 1107 b is a cylindrical lenshaving 400 mm in length, 70 mm in width, 10 mm in thickness, R₁=97 mm,and R₂=−200 mm. In addition, the cylindrical lenses 1307 a and 1307 bare located at an interval of 5.5 mm. The cylindrical lenses 1307 a and1307 b each are arranged such that the curvature is parallel to thewidth direction.

The simulation result of the laser beam that is formed by the opticalsystem is shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, the abscissa axis represents thelength in the width direction and the ordinate axis represents thelength in the length direction. Linear laser beam having 300 mm inlength and 0.4 mm in width is produced on a surface at a distance of237.7 mm from the doublet cylindrical lens 1307 toward the front. Atthis time, the linear beam has a same width in the vicinity of thecenter and at both ends of the linear beam in the length direction. Itis corresponded that a convergent position is accord in the irradiationsurface. That is, uniformity of the energy distribution is excellent.

Next, an optical system that is shorten above mentioned optical systemhaving 5065.2 mm in optical lath length to 2400 mm in order to form intoa linear beam having 300 mm in length is described. FIG. 4A shows anoptical system in the case where a longitudinal direction is viewed froma direction perpendicular thereto and FIG. 4B shows the optical systemin the case where a width direction is viewed from a directionperpendicular thereto.

Laser beam emitted from a laser 1301 is expanded by a beam expander inboth the longitudinal direction and the width direction by about twotimes. The beam expander is composed of a spherical lens (50 mm inradius, 7 mm in thickness, R₁=−220 mm, and R₂=∞) 1302 a and a sphericallens (50 mm in radius, 7 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, and R₂=−400 mm) 1303 bwhich is located at a distance of 400 mm from the spherical lens 1302 a.

The laser beam emitted from the beam expander is incident into acylindrical lens array 1403 a which is located at a distance of 50 mmfrom the beam expander toward the front. After that, the laser beam istransmitted through a cylindrical lens array 1403 b which is located ata distance of 41 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1403 a toward thefront, and then incident into a cylindrical lens 1404 which is locatedat a distance of 120 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1403 b towardthe front. The cylindrical lens array 1403 a includes 40 cylindricallenses (each having 150 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mm in thickness,R₁=1.5 mm, and R₂=∞) located. The cylindrical lens array 1403 b includes40 cylindrical lenses (each having 150 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mmin thickness, R₁=−11 mm, and R₂=∞) located. The cylindrical lens 1404 isa cylindrical lens having 150 mm in length, 60 mm in width, 20 mm inthickness, R₁=1078 mm, and R₂=∞. The cylindrical lens arrays 1403 a and1403 b and the cylindrical lens 1404 each are arranged such that thecurvature is parallel to the longitudinal direction. Due to theselenses, the laser beam is made uniform in energy in the longitudinaldirection.

The laser beam emitted from the cylindrical lens 1404 is incident into acylindrical lens array 1405 a which is located at a distance of 870 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1404 toward the front. After that, the laserbeam is transmitted through a cylindrical lens array 1405 b which islocated at a distance of 70 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1405 atoward the front, and then incident into a cylindrical lens 1406 whichis located at a distance of 1000 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1405b toward the front. The cylindrical lens array 1405 a includes 16cylindrical lenses (each having 400 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mm inthickness, R₁=100 mm, and R₂=∞) located in array. The cylindrical lensarray 1405 b includes 16 cylindrical lenses (each having 400 mm inlength, 2 mm in width, 5 mm in thickness, R₁=

, and R₂=80 mm) located. A doublet cylindrical lens 1406 is a lenscomposed of two cylindrical lenses 1406 a and 1406 b. The cylindricallens 1406 a is a cylindrical lens having 400 mm in length, 70 mm inwidth, 10 mm in thickness, R₁=125 mm, and R₂=77 mm. The cylindrical lens1406 b is a cylindrical lens having 400 mm in length, 70 mm in width, 10mm in thickness, R₁=97 mm, and R₂=−200 mm. In addition, the cylindricallenses 1406 a and 1406 b are located at an interval of 5.5 mm. Thecylindrical lenses 1406 a and 1406 b each are arranged such that thecurvature is parallel to the width direction.

Due to cylindrical lens arrays 1405 a, 1405 b, and a doublet cylindricallens 1406, an energy distribution of the laser beam is made uniform inthe width direction and, at the same time, the laser beam is contracted.

The simulation result of the laser beam at an irradiation surface 1309which is formed by the optical system is shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, anaxis of abscissa indicates the length of the width direction and an axisof ordinate indicates the length of the longitudinal direction. Linearlaser beam having 300 mm in length and 0.4 mm in width is produced on anirradiation surface 1308 at a distance of 191.2 mm from the doubletcylindrical lens 1406 toward the front. At this time, the producedlinear laser beam has end portions in the longitudinal direction thereofis wider that that of central portions thereof. That is, uniformity ofthe energy distribution is deteriorated.

A method to solve the problem is described by using FIG. 6. FIG. 6Ashows an optical system in the case where a longitudinal direction isviewed from a direction perpendicular thereto and FIG. 6B shows theoptical system in the case where a width direction is viewed from adirection perpendicular thereto. Instead of a cylindrical lens 1406 b,that is one of components of doublet cylindrical lens 1406 in FIG. 4, alens 1506 b having curvature in the longitudinal direction of thecylindrical lens 1406 b second surface is provided. The lens with whichcurvature differs in the longitudinal direction and the width directionis referred to as troidal lens. However, the curvature has 15000 mm inlength (preferably 13000 to 18000 mm) and the curvature center is at theside of emission.

The simulation result of the laser beam that is formed by the opticalsystem is shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, the abscissa axis represents thelength in the width direction and the ordinate axis represents thelength in the longitudinal direction. It has the width with same centerportion and end portions in the longitudinal direction of the linearbeam that is produced on an irradiation surface 1308 at a distance of191.2 mm from the troidal lens toward the front. This indicates that theconvergent position is coincident with the irradiation surface. That is,uniformity of the energy distribution is excellent.

Embodiment 2

In Embodiment 1, a deviation of a convergent position is avoided byproviding the second lens 1406 b of the doublet cylindrical lens insteadof the troidal lens. In this embodiment, a method that a deviation of aconvergent position is corrected by newly adding one cylindrical lens,without changing the form of the doublet cylindrical lens 1406 isdescribed with reference FIG. 9. FIG. 9A shows an optical system in thecase where a longitudinal direction is viewed from a directionperpendicular thereto and FIG. 9B shows the optical system in the casewhere a width direction is viewed from a direction perpendicularthereto.

A cylindrical lens 1507 is added at a distance of 40 mm from the doubletcylindrical lens 1406 in the optical system (FIGS. 4A and 4B) shown inEmbodiment 1. The cylindrical lens 1507 has 400 mm in length, 70 mm inwidth, 20 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, and R₂=7000 mm (preferably 4000 to10000 mm). The cylindrical lens 1507 is arranged such that the curvatureis parallel to the longitudinal direction. (FIG. 9) The simulationresult of an energy distribution of a linear beam irradiating on thesurface 1308, which is located at a distance of 137.5 mm from thecylindrical lens 1507 toward the front, is shown in FIG. 10. In FIG. 10,an axis of abscissa represents the length of the width direction and anaxis of ordinate represents the length of the longitudinal direction.According to FIG. 10, widths in the vicinity of the center and at bothends of the linear beam in the length direction are the same. Thisindicates that the convergent position is coincident with theirradiation surface. That is, uniformity of the energy distribution isexcellent.

Embodiment 3

In this embodiment, an example of an optical system in order to form alinear beam having 1000 mm in length in the longitudinal direction on anirradiation surface. FIG. 11A shows an optical system in the case wherea longitudinal direction is viewed from a direction perpendicularthereto and FIG. 11B shows the optical system in the case where a widthdirection is viewed from a direction perpendicular thereto.

Laser beam emitted from a laser 1301 is expanded by a beam expander inboth the longitudinal direction and the width direction by about twotimes. The beam expander is composed of a spherical lens (50 mm inradius, 7 mm in thickness, R₁=−220 mm, and R₂=∞) 1302 a and a sphericallens (50 mm in radius, 7 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, and R₂=−400 mm) 1303 bwhich is located at a distance of 400 mm from the spherical lens 1302 a.

The cylindrical lens array 1003 includes 40 cylindrical lenses (eachhaving 150 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mm in thickness, R_(t)=4 mm,and R₂=∞) located. The cylindrical lens 1004 has 150 mm in length, 450mm in width, 15 mm in thickness, R₁=2140 mm, and R₂=∞. The cylindricallens array 1003 and the cylindrical lens 1004 each are arranged suchthat the curvature is parallel to the longitudinal direction.

The laser beam emitted from the beam expander is incident into acylindrical lens array 1003 which is located at a distance of 50 mm fromthe lens 1002 b toward the front. After that, the laser beam is dividedand superposed by the cylindrical lens 1004 which is located at adistance of 15 mm from the doublet cylindrical lens 1004 toward thefront. The laser beam is made uniform in energy on the irradiationsurface 1308 in the longitudinal direction. A combination of thecylindrical lens array and the cylindrical lens that make the laser beamuniform in energy distribution is referred to as a beam homogenizer. Dueto a combination of curvature of these two lenses, a length of a linearbeam is determined.

The laser beam emitted from the cylindrical lens 1004 is incident into acylindrical lens array 1005 a which is located at a distance of 395 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1004 toward the front. After that, the laserbeam is transmitted through a cylindrical lens array 1005 b which islocated at a distance of 65 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1005 atoward the front, and then incident into a cylindrical lens 1006 whichis located at a distance of 1600 mm from the cylindrical lens array 1005b toward the front. The cylindrical lens array 1005 a includes 16cylindrical lenses (each having 900 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 5 mm inthickness, R₁=100 mm, and R₂=∞) located in array. The cylindrical lensarray 1005 b includes 16 cylindrical lenses (each having 900 mm inlength, 2 mm in width, 5 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, and R₂=80 mm) located.The cylindrical lens 1306 is a cylindrical lens having 900 mm in length,60 mm in width, 20 mm in thickness, R₁=∞, and R₂=−486 mm. Thecylindrical lens arrays 1005 a and 1005 b and the cylindrical lens 1006each are arranged such that the curvature is parallel to the widthdirection. Due to these three lenses, an energy distribution of thelaser beam is made uniform in the width direction and, at the same time,the laser beam is contracted in the width direction. Thus, linear laserbeam having 2 mm in width is formed at a distance of 1900 mm from thecylindrical lens 1306 toward the front.

A crossed cylindrical lens 1007 is provided at a distance of 2050 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1306 toward the front. The first surface ofthe crossed cylindrical lens 1007 has a curvature in the width direction(R₁=95 mm), and has a function of contracting in the width direction thelinear laser beam having 2 mm in the width direction. The second surfaceof the crossed cylindrical lens 1007 has a curvature in the longitudinaldirection (R₂=7500 mm, preferably, R₂=7000 to 8000). The cylindricallens 1007 is arranged such that 1.5 the curvature is parallel to thewidth direction. The cylindrical lens has 900 mm in length in thelongitudinal direction, 60 mm in length in the width direction, and 30mm in thickness.

In FIG. 12, the simulation result of an energy distribution of a linearbeam that is obtained when a curvature is given to the second surface ofthe lens 1007 (it is corresponded to that curvature is given to thelinear beam in the longitudinal direction) is shown. In FIG. 13, thesimulation result of an energy distribution of the linear beam when acurvature is not given to the second surface is shown. In FIGS. 12 and13, an abscissa axis represents the length of the width direction and anordinate axis represents the length of the longitudinal direction. It isdisclosed that the uniformity of the energy distribution is excellentdue to a correspondence of a convergent positions on an irradiationsurface as shown in FIG. 12, and that the uniformity of the energydistribution is deteriorated due to a deviation of a convergent portionon an irradiation surface shown in FIG. 13. If both are compared, alinear beam that is made uniform in energy having 100 mm in length canbe obtained by using an optical system of the present invention.

Embodiment 4

In this embodiment, an example that a linear laser beam having 1000 mmin length is formed by using an optical system different from that ofEmbodiment 3 is described. FIG. 14A shows the optical system with alongitudinal direction being viewed perpendicularly and FIG. 14B showsthe optical system with a width direction being viewed perpendicularly.With respect to a laser 1301, a beam expanders 1302 a, 1302 b, acylindrical array lens 1003, a cylindrical lens arrays 1005 a, 1005 b,and a cylindrical lens 1306 shown in Embodiment 1, a description thereofare omitted because position and shape thereof are same as shown inEmbodiment 3.

The laser beam emitted from the laser 1301 is expanded to be twice aslarge both in the longitudinal direction and the in the width directionby a beam expanders 1302 a and 1302 b. The laser beam emitted from thebeam expander is incident into a cylindrical lens array 1003 which islocated at a distance of 50 mm from the beam expander toward the front.After that, the laser beam is incident into a cylindrical lens 1104which is located at a distance of 15 mm from the cylindrical lens array1003 toward the front. The cylindrical lens 1104 is a cylindrical lenshaving 150 mm in length, 60 mm in width, 20 mm in thickness, R₁=2140 mm,and R₂=∞. The cylindrical lens arrays 1103 and the cylindrical lens 1104each are arranged such that the curvature is parallel to thelongitudinal direction. Due to these two lenses, the laser beam is madeuniform in energy in the longitudinal direction.

The laser beam emitted from the cylindrical lens 1104 is incident into acylindrical lens array 1005 a which is located at a distance of 395 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1104 toward the front. After that, the laserbeam is transmitted to a cylindrical array 1005 b which is located at adistance of 65 mm from the cylindrical array 1005 a and is incident intoa cylindrical lens 1306 which is located at a distance of 1600 mm from acylindrical array 1005 b toward the front. Due to these three lenses,the laser beam is made uniform in energy in the width direction and, atthe same time, the laser beam is contracted. Thus, linear laser beamhaving 2 mm in the width direction is formed at a distance of 1000 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1006 toward the front.

In order to further contract the above linear laser beam having 2 mm inthe width direction, a doublet cylindrical lens 1107 is located at adistance of 2050 mm from the cylindrical lens 1306 toward the front. Thecylindrical lens 1107 is a cylindrical lens having 900 mm in length, 60mm in width, 30 mm in thickness, R₁=95 mm, and R₂=∞, and that isarranged such that the curvature is parallel to the width direction. Ifthere is no existence on the flat surface 1308 at a distance of 224 mmfrom the cylindrical lens 1107 toward the front, a simulation result ofa linear laser beam formed on the flat surface is shown in FIG. 13.According to FIG. 13, widths at the vicinity of the center of the linearbeam in the longitudinal direction are wider than the both ends thereof.This indicates that the convergent position is coincident with theirradiation surface. That is, uniformity of the energy distribution isdeteriorated.

In order to avoid a deviation of a convergent position, a cylindricallens 1108 is provided at a distance of 44 mm from a cylindrical lens1107 toward a front. The cylindrical lens 1108 is a cylindrical lenshaving 60 mm in length, 900 mm in width, 30 mm in thickness, R₁=

, and R₂=7000 mm, and that is arranged such that the curvature isparallel to the longitudinal direction. It is desirable that the R₂ bewithin the range of 7000 to 8000 mm. A simulation result of the producedlaser beam by such optical system is shown in FIG. 15. In FIG. 15, anabscissa axis represents the length of the width direction and anordinate axis represents the length of the longitudinal direction. FIG.15 is shown that a laser beam on the irradiation surface 1308 having1000 mm in length and 0.4 mm in width at a distance of 160 mm from acylindrical lens 1108 toward a front, and that is arranged such that thecurvature is parallel to the width direction. This indicates that theconvergent position is coincident with the irradiation surface. That is,uniformity of the energy distribution is excellent.

Embodiment 5

In this embodiment, a method of avoiding a deviation of convergentposition by adding a cylindrical lens that is different in shape fromcylindrical lens in Embodiment 4 is described. FIG. 16A shows theoptical system with a longitudinal direction being viewedperpendicularly and FIG. 16B shows the optical system with a widthdirection being viewed perpendicularly.

FIG. 16 shows that a cylindrical lens 1108 that is used in an opticalsystem (FIG. 14) shown in Embodiment 3 is exchanged for a cylindricallens 1208. The cylindrical lens 1208 is a cylindrical lens having 60 mmin length, 900 mm in width, 30 mm in thickness, R₁=−800 mm, and R₂=∞,and that is arranged such that the curvature is parallel to thelongitudinal direction. It is desirable that the R₂ be within the rangeof −8000 to −7000 mm. A simulation result of the produced laser beam bysuch optical system is shown in FIG. 17. In FIG. 17, an abscissa axisrepresents the length of the width direction and an ordinate axisrepresents the length of the longitudinal direction. FIG. 17 is shownthat a linear beam on the irradiation surface 1308 having 1000 mm inlength and 0.4 mm in width at a distance of 160 mm from a cylindricallens 1208 toward a front. In addition, width in the vicinity of thecenter and at both ends of linear beam in longitudinal direction are thesame. This indicates that the convergent position is coincident with theirradiation surface. That is, uniformity of the energy distribution isexcellent.

Embodiment 6

In this embodiment, the case where laser annealing is performed on alarge area substrate will be described.

As shown in FIG. 29A, although there is the case where, in an activematrix liquid crystal display device or the like, TFTs for a pixelportion and a driver circuit (a source driver portion and a gate driverportion) are formed on one glass substrate, in order to improve thethroughput, there is often the case where the large area substrate isused to form a plurality of a panels for the liquid crystal displaydevice obtained from the large area substrate. Thus, in this embodiment,there will be described a method of forming a linear beam longer thanthe prior art in a long-dimension direction and irradiating the linearbeam to the large area substrate while moving the beam relative to thesubstrate.

First, in accordance with any one of Embodiments 1 to 5, there is formedthe linear beam which is longer than the prior art in the lengthdirection and has a uniform energy distribution on an irradiationsurface or a plane in the vicinity thereof. Then, the linear beam isirradiated to the large area substrate while being moved relative to thesubstrate. At this time, since the linear beam is longer than the priorart in the length direction, annealing can be performed on an entiresurface of the large area substrate only by moving the laser beam in onedirection with respect to the substrate. It is not necessary to move thelaser beam in at least two directions or to irradiate the laser beamplural times, which have been conventionally necessary, therebyremarkably improving the throughput. Also, there is formed no region towhich the laser beam is irradiated plural times or no region to which nolaser beam is irradiated, whereby it is realized to perform annealinguniformly on the entire surface.

Embodiment 7

In this embodiment, a method of manufacturing an active matrix substratewill be described with reference to FIGS. 18A to 21. A substrate onwhich a CMOS circuit, a driver circuit, and a pixel portion having apixel TFT and a storage capacitor are formed together is called activematrix substrate for convenience.

First, a substrate 400 formed of glass such as barium borosilicate glassand aluminum borosilicate is used in this embodiment. The substrate 400may be a quartz substrate, a silicon substrate, a metal substrate orstainless substrate, which has an insulating film on the surface. Thesubstrate 400 may be a plastic substrate having heat resistance, whichcan withstands a process temperature in this embodiment. In the presentinvention, since the linear beam is longer than the prior art in thelongitudinal direction and has a uniform energy distribution, annealingcan be performed on an entire surface of the large area substrate.

Next, a base film 401 having an insulating film such as silicon oxidefilm, silicon nitride film, and a silicon oxynitride film is formed onthe substrate 400. In this embodiment, a two-layer structure is used forthe base film 401. However, a structure may be used where a single layerfilm, which is the insulating film itself, or at least two layers arestacked.

Next, semiconductor films 402 to 406 are formed on the base film. First,the semiconductor films 402 to 406 are formed with a thickness of 25 to80 nm (preferably 30 to 60 nm) by a well-known method (such as thesputtering method, LPCVD method, and plasma CVD method). The lasercrystallization is performed by irradiating laser beam emitted from alaser to a semiconductor film by applying any of Embodiments 1 to 5. Ofcourse, the laser crystallization can be carried out by combining otherknown method (such as thermal crystallization method using RTA or afurnace annealing and thermal crystallization method using a metalelement facilitating the crystallization). Patterning is performed onthe obtained crystalline semiconductor film in a desired form in orderto form the semiconductor layers 402 to 406. As the semiconductor films,there are an amorphous semiconductor film, a microcrystallinesemiconductor film, and a crystalline semiconductor film. A compoundsemiconductor film having an amorphous structure such as an amorphoussilicon germanium film can be applied.

In this embodiment, plasma CVD method is used to form an amorphoussilicon film 55 nm thick. After the dehydrogenation is performed on thisamorphous silicon film (at 500° C. for one hour), the laser beam emittedfrom a continuous oscillation YVO₄ laser with output 10 W is convertedinto the second harmonics by a nonlinear element, and then the rectanglebeam is formed by an optical system shown in one of Embodiments 1 to 5and it irradiates the amorphous silicon film. At this time, about0.01-100 MW/cm² (preferably 0.1-10 MW/cm²) is necessary for the energydensity. The stage is relatively moved to the laser beam at a speed ofabout 10-2000 cm/s, and it irradiates, and then the crystalline siliconfilm is formed. The semiconductor layers 402 to 406 are formed byperforming patterning processing thereon by using the photolithographymethod.

After the semiconductor layers 402 to 406 are formed, a small amount ofimpurity element (boron or phosphorus) may be doped in order to controla threshold value of the TFT.

Next, a gate insulating film 407 covering the semiconductor layers 402to 406 is formed. The gate insulating film 407 is formed by using aninsulating film 40 to 150 nm thick containing silicon in accordance withplasma CVD method or sputtering method. In this embodiment, a siliconoxynitride film (compositional ratio: Si=32%, O=59%, N=7% and H=2%) witha thickness of 110 nm is formed in accordance with the plasma CVDmethod. Notably, the gate insulating film is not limited to the siliconoxynitride film but other insulating films containing silicon may beused as a single layer or as a laminated layers.

When a silicon oxide film is used, it is formed by mixing TetraethylOrthosilicate (TEOS) and O₂ by plasma CVD method, which is dischargedunder a condition with reaction pressure of 40 Pa, a substratetemperature of 300 to 400° C. and high frequency (13.56 MHz) powerdensity of 0.5 to 0.8 W/cm². Thermal annealing at 400 to 500° C.thereafter can give good characteristics to the silicon oxide filmproduced in this way as a gate insulating film.

Next, a first conductive film 408, which is 20 to 100 nm thick, and asecond conductive film 409, which is 100 to 400 nm thick, is stacked onthe gate insulating film 407. In this embodiment, the first conductivefilm 408 formed by a TaN film with a thickness of 30 nm and the secondconductive film 409 formed by a W film with a thickness of 370 nm arestacked. The TaN film is formed by using Ta target to perform sputteringin an atmosphere containing nitrogen. The W film is formed by using Wtarget to perform sputtering. Alternatively, it can be formed by thermalCVD method using tungsten hexafluoride (WF₆). In both cases, the use ofthe gate electrode needs low resistance. Therefore, the resistivity ofthe W film is desirably 20 μΩcm or below.

While, in this embodiment, the first conductive film 408 is TaN and thesecond conductive film 409 is W, they are not limited in particular.Both of them can be formed by an element selected from Ta, W, Ti, Mo,Al, Cu, Cr and Nd or an alloy material or a compound material mainlycontaining the element. Alternatively, a semiconductor film, such as apolycrystalline silicon film to which an impurity element such asphosphorus is doped, can be used. An AgPdCu alloy may be used.

Next, masks 410 to 415 made of resist are formed by photolithographymethod, and first etching process is performed thereon in order to formelectrodes and wirings. The first etching process is performed underfirst and second etching conditions (FIG. 18B). The first etchingcondition in this embodiment is to use Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)etching and to use CF₄ and Cl₂ and O₂ as an etching gas, whose amount ofgases are 25/25/10 (sccm), respectively, 500 W of RF (13.56 MHz) powerwas supplied to a coil type electrode by 1 Pa pressure in order togenerate plasma and then to perform etching. 150 W of RF (13.56 MHz)power was also supplied to a substrate side (test sample stage) andsubstantially negative self-bias voltage was applied. The W film wasetched under the first etching condition so as to obtain the end of thefirst conductive layer in a tapered form.

After that, the first etching condition is shifted to the second etchingcondition without removing the masks 410 to 415 made of resist. Then,CF₄ and Cl₂ are used as etching gases. The ratio of the amounts offlowing gasses is 30/30 (sccm). 500 W of RF (13.56 MHz) power issupplied to a coil type electrode by 1 Pa pressure in order to generateplasma and then to perform etching for about 30 seconds. 20 W of RF(13.56 MHz) power is also supplied to a substrate side (test samplestage) and substantially negative self-bias voltage is applied. Underthe second etching condition where CF₄ and Cl₂ are mixed, both W filmand TaN film were etched to the same degree. In order to etch withoutleaving a residue on the gate insulating film, the etching time may beincreased about 10 to 20% more.

In the first etching process, when the form of the resist mask isappropriate, the shape of the ends of the first and the secondconductive layers are in the tapered shape due to the effect of the biasvoltage applied to the substrate side. The angle of the tapered portionis 15 to 45°. Thus, conductive layers 417 to 422 in a first shape areformed which include the first conductive layers and the secondconductive layers (first conductive layers 417 a to 422 a and secondconductive layer 417 b to 422 b) through the first etching process.Reference numeral 416 is a gate insulating film, and in the gateinsulating film 416, an area not covered by the first conductive layers417 to 422 in first shape is etched by about 20 to 50 nm to form athinner area.

Next, second etching process is performed without removing masks made ofresist (FIG. 18C). Here, CF₄, Cl₂ and O₂ are used to etch the W filmselectively. Then, second conductive layers 428 b to 433 b are formed bythe second etching process. On the other hand, the first conductivelayers 417 a to 422 a are hardly etched, and conductive layers 428 to433 in the second shape are formed.

First doping process is performed without removing masks made of resistand low concentration of impurity element, which gives n-type to thesemiconductor layer, is added. The doping process may be performed inaccordance with the ion-doping method or the ion-implanting method. Theion doping method is performed under a condition in the dose of 1×10¹³to 5×10¹⁴ cm² and the accelerating voltage of 40 to 80 keV. In thisembodiment, the ion doping method is performed under a condition in thedose of 1.5×10¹³/cm² and the accelerating voltage of 60 keV. The n-typedoping impurity element may be Group 15 elements, typically phosphorus(P) or arsenic (As). Here, phosphorus (P) is used. In this case, theconductive layers 428 to 433 function as masks for the n-type dopingimpurity element. Therefore, impurity regions 423 to 427 are formed inthe self-alignment manner. An n-type doping impurity element in theconcentration range of 1×10¹⁸ to 1×10²⁰/cm³ are added to the impurityregions 423 to 427.

When masks made of resist are removed, new masks 434 a to 434 c made ofresist are formed. Then, second doping process is performed by usinghigher accelerating voltage than that used in the first doping process.The ion doping method is performed under a condition in the dose of1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁵/cm² and the accelerating voltage of 60 to 120 keV. Inthe doping process, the second conductive layers 428 b to 432 b are usedas masks against the impurity element. Doping is performed such that theimpurity element can be added to the semiconductor layer at the bottomof the tapered portion of the first conductive layer. Then, third dupingprocess is performed by having lower accelerating voltage than that inthe second doping process to obtain a condition shown in FIG. 19A. Theion doping method is performed under a condition in the dose of 1×10¹⁵to 1×10¹⁷/cm² and the accelerating voltage of 50 to 100 keV. Through thesecond doping process and the third doping process, an n-type dopingimpurity element in the concentration range of 1×10¹⁸ to 5×10¹⁹/cm³ isadded to the low concentration impurity region 436, 442 and 448, whichoverlap with the first conductive layer. An n-type doping impurityelement in the concentration range of 1×10¹⁹ to 5×10²¹/cm³ is added tothe high concentration impurity regions 435, 441, 444 and 447.

With proper accelerating voltage, the low concentration impurity regionand the high concentration impurity region can be formed by one dopingprocess, not by separately performing the second doping process and thethird doping process.

Next, after removing masks made of resist, new masks 450 a to 450 c madeof resist are formed to perform the fourth doping process. Through thefourth doping process, impurity regions 453, 454, 459 and 460, to whichan impurity element doping a conductive type opposite to the oneconductive type is added, in a semiconductor layer, which is an activelayer of a p-channel type TFT. Second conductive layers 428 a to 432 aare used as mask against the impurity element, and the impurity elementgiving p-type is added so as to form impurity regions in theself-alignment manner. In this embodiment, the impurity regions 453,454, 459 and 460 are formed by applying ion-doping method using diborane(B₂H₆) (FIG. 19B). During the fourth doping process, the semiconductorlayer forming the n-channel type TFT is covered by masks 450 a to 450 cmade of resist. Thorough the first to the third doping process,phosphorus of different densities is added to each of the impurityregions 439, 447 and 448. Doping process is performed such that theconcentration of p-type doping impurity element can be 1×10¹⁹ to 5×10²¹atoms/cm³ in both regions. Thus, no problems are caused when theyfunction as the source region and the drain region of the p-channel typeTFT.

Impurity regions are formed in the semiconductor layers, respectively,through the processes above.

Next, the masks 450 a to 450 c made of resist are removed and a firstinterlayer insulating film 461 is formed thereon. The first interlayerinsulating film 461 may be an insulating film containing silicon with athickness of 100 to 200 nm, which is formed by plasma CVD method orsputtering method. In this embodiment, silicon oxynitride film with athickness of 150 nm is formed by plasma CVD method. The first interlayerinsulating film 461 is not limited to the silicon oxynitride film butmay be the other insulating film containing silicon in a single layer orin a laminated layers.

Next, as shown in FIG. 19C, a recovery of crystallization of asemiconductor layer and an activation of impurity elements added to therespective semiconductor layers are performed by irradiating a laserbeam. At this time, energy density of the laser beam is necessary about0.01-100 MW/cm² (Preferably 0.01-10 MW/cm²), and moves the substrate tothe laser beam relatively at the speed of 10-2000 MW/cm^(Z). Besideslaser annealing method, thermal annealing method or rapid thermalannealing method (RTA method) and the like can be applied.

Alternatively, the activation treatment may be performed before thefirst interlayer insulating film is formed. However, when a wiringmaterial in use is sensitive to heat, the activation process ispreferably performed after an inter-layer insulating film (insulatingfilm mainly containing silicon such as silicon nitride film) forprotecting the wirings etc. like this embodiment.

After the heating process (thermal process at 300 to 550° C. for 1 to 12hours) is performed, hydrogenation can be performed. This processterminates the dangling bond of the semiconductor layer with hydrogencontained in the first interlayer insulating film 461. The semiconductorlayer can be hydrogenated regardless of the existence of the firstinterlayer insulating film. Alternatively, the hydrogenation may beplasma hydrogenation (using hydrogen excited by plasma) or heatingprocess in an atmosphere containing 3 to 100% of hydrogen at 300 to 450°C. for 1 to 12 hours.

Next, a second interlayer insulating film 462 formed by an inorganicinsulating material or an organic insulating material is formed on thefirst interlayer insulating film 461. In this embodiment, an acrylicresin film with a thickness of 1.6 μm is formed, whose viscosity is 10to 1000 cp, preferably 40 to 200 cp and which has depressions andprojections formed on the surface.

In this embodiment, in order to prevent mirror reflection, a secondinterlayer insulating film having projections and depressions on thesurface is formed. Thus, the projections and depressions are formed onthe surface of the pixel electrode. In order to obtain an effect oflight deviation by forming the depressions and projections on thesurface of the pixel electrode, a projecting portion may be formed underthe pixel electrode. In this case, the projecting portion can be formedby using the same photomask for forming a TFT. Thus, the projectingportion can be formed without any increase in the number of steps. Theprojecting portion may be provided as necessary on the substrate in thepixel portion except for wirings and the TFT portion. Accordingly,projections and depressions can be formed on the surface of the pixelelectrode along the projections and depressions formed on the surface ofan insulating film covering the projecting portion.

Alternatively, the second interlayer insulating film 462 may be a filmhaving a flattened surface. In this case, after the pixel electrode isformed, projections and depressions are formed on the surface byperforming an added process such as well-known sandblast method andetching method. Preferably, by preventing mirror reflection and bydispersing reflected light, the whiteness is increased.

Wirings 464 to 468 electrically connecting to impurity regions,respectively, are formed in a driver circuit 506. These wirings areformed by patterning a film laminating a Ti film with a thickness of 50nm and an alloy film (alloy film of Al and Ti) with a thickness of 500nm. It is not limited to the two-layer structure but may be a one-layerstructure or a laminate layers including three or more layers. Thematerials of the wirings are not limited to Al and Ti. For example, thewiring can be formed by forming Al or Cu on a TaN film and then bypatterning the laminate film in which a Ti film is formed (FIG. 20).

In a pixel portion 507, a pixel electrode 470, a gate wiring 469 and aconnecting electrode 468 are formed. Source wirings (a laminate oflayers 443 a and 443 b) are electrically connected with a pixel TFT bythe connecting electrode 468. The gate wiring 469 is electricallyconnected with a gate electrode of the pixel TFT. A pixel electrode 470is electrically connected with a drain region 442 of the pixel TFT.Furthermore, the pixel electrode 470 is electrically connected with asemiconductor layer 458 functioning as one electrode forming a storagecapacitor. Desirably, a material having excellent reflectivity such as afilm mainly containing Al or Ag or the laminate film is used for thepixel electrode 470.

In this way, the driver circuit 506 having a CMOS circuit including ann-channel type TFT 501 and a p-channel type TFT 502 and a n-channel typeTFT 503, and the pixel portion 507 having the pixel TFT 504 and thestorage capacitor 505 can be formed on the same substrate. Thus, anactive matrix substrate is completed.

The n-channel type TFT 501 of the drive circuit 506 has a channelforming region 437, a low concentration impurity region 436 overlappingwith the first conductive layer 428 a, which constructs a part of thegate electrode, (GOLD region), and a high concentration impurity region452 functioning as the source region or the drain region. The p-channeltype TFT 502 forming a CMOS circuit together with the n-channel TFT 501,which are connected by an electrode 466, has a channel forming region440, a high concentration impurity region 453 functioning as the sourceregion or the drain region, and an impurity region 454 to which a p-typedoping impurity element are implanted. The n-channel type TFT 503 has achannel forming region 443, a low concentration impurity region 442overlapping with the first conductive layer 430 a, which constructs apart of the gate electrode, (GOLD region), and a high concentrationimpurity region 456 functioning as the source region or the drainregion.

The pixel TFT 504 of the pixel portion has a channel forming region 446,a low concentration impurity region 445 formed outside of the gateelectrode (LDD region), and a high concentration impurity region 458functioning as the source region or the drain region. An n-type dopingimpurity element and a p-type doping impurity element are added to asemiconductor layer functioning as one electrode of the storagecapacitor 505. The storage capacitor 505 is formed by an electrode (alaminate of layers 432 a and 432 b) and a semiconductor layer by usingthe insulating film 416 as a dielectric.

The pixel structure in this embodiment is arranged such that light canbe blocked in a space between pixel electrodes and the ends of the pixelelectrodes can overlap with the source wiring without using the blackmatrix.

FIG. 21 shows a top view of the pixel portion of the active matrixsubstrate manufactured in this embodiment. The same reference numeralsare used for the corresponding parts in FIGS. 18 to 21. A broken lineA-A′ in FIG. 20 corresponds to a sectional view taken along a brokenline A-A′ in FIG. 21. A broken line B-B′ in FIG. 20 corresponds to asectional view taken along a broken line B-B′ in FIG. 21.

Embodiment 8

This embodiment explains, below, a process to manufacture a reflectiontype liquid crystal display device from the active matrix substrate madein Embodiment 7, using FIG. 22.

First, after obtaining an active matrix substrate in the state of FIG.20 according to the Embodiment 7, an alignment film 567 is formed atleast on the pixel electrodes 470 on the active matrix substrate of FIG.20 and subjected to a rubbing process. Incidentally, in this embodiment,prior to forming the alignment film 567, an organic resin film such asan acryl resin film is patterned to form columnar spacers 572 in adesired position to support the substrates with spacing. Meanwhile,spherical spacers, in place of the columnar spacers, may be distributedover the entire surface of the substrate.

Then, a counter substrate 569 is prepared. Then, a coloring layer 570,571 and a planarizing film 573 are formed on the counter substrate 569.A shade portion is formed by overlapping a red coloring layer 570 and ablue coloring layer 571 together. Meanwhile, the shade portion may beformed by partly overlapping a red coloring layer and a green coloringlayer.

In this embodiment is used a substrate shown in the Embodiment 7.Accordingly, in FIG. 21 showing a top view of the pixel portion of theEmbodiment 7, there is a need to shade at least the gap between the gatewiring 469 and the pixel electrode 470, the gap between the gate wiring469 and the connecting electrode 468 and the gap between the connectingelectrode 468 and the pixel electrode 470. In this embodiment werebonded together the substrates by arranging the coloring layers so thatthe shading portion having a lamination of coloring layers is overlappedwith the to-be-shading portion.

In this manner, the gaps between the pixels are shaded by the shadingportion having a lamination of coloring layers without forming a shadinglayer such as a black mask, thereby enabling to reduce the number ofprocesses.

Then, a counter electrode 576 of a transparent conductive film is formedon the planarizing film 573 at least in the pixel portion. An alignmentfilm 574 is formed over the entire surface of the counter substrate andsubjected to a rubbing process.

Then, the active matrix substrate formed with the pixel portion anddriver circuit and the counter substrate are bonded together by asealing member 568. The sealing member 568 is mixed with filler so thatthe filler and the columnar spacers bond together the two substratesthrough an even spacing. Thereafter, a liquid crystal material 575 ispoured between the substrates, and completely sealed by a sealing member(not shown). The liquid crystal material 575 may be a known liquidcrystal material. In this manner, completed is a reflection type liquidcrystal display device shown in FIG. 22. If necessary, the active matrixsubstrate or counter substrate is divided into a desired shape.Furthermore, a polarizing plate (not shown) is bonded only on thecounter substrate. Then, an FPC is bonded by a known technique.

The liquid crystal display device manufactured by the active matrixsubstrate including the above-mentioned semiconductor film can have agood operational characteristic and a high reliability. Thus, the liquidcrystal display device as above can be used as a display portion for anelectronic equipment in various kinds.

Incidentally, this embodiment can be freely combined with any one ofEmbodiments 1 to 7.

Embodiment 9

This embodiment explains an example of a light-emitting devicemanufactured by using the method of making TFT when an active matrixsubstrate shown in embodiment 5 is made. In this specification, thelight-emitting device is a general term for the display panel havinglight-emitting elements formed on a substrate scaled between thesubstrate and a cover member, and the display module having a TFTmounted on the display panel. Incidentally, the light-emitting elementhas a layer including an organic compound that electroluminescencecaused is obtained by applying an electric field (light-emitting layer),an anode and a cathode. Meanwhile, the electroluminescence in organiccompound includes the light emission (fluorescent light) upon returningfrom the singlet-excited state to the ground state and the lightemission (phosphorous light) upon returning from the triplet-excitedstate to the ground state, including any or both of light emission.

In this specification, all layers formed between the anode and thecathode in the light-emitting element are defined as the organiclight-emitting layer. The light-emitting layer, the hole injectionlayer, the electronic injection layer, the hole transportation layer,and the electronic transportation layer, etc. are concretely included inthe organic light-emitting layer. The light-emitting element basicallyhas the structure that the anode layer, the light-emitting layer, andthe cathode layer are sequentially laminated. The structures laminatedin order of the anode layer, the hole injection layer, thelight-emitting layer, the cathode layer, the anode layer, the holeinjection layer, the light-emitting layer, the electronic transportationlayer, and the cathode layer, etc. in addition to this structure areoccasionally possessed.

FIG. 23 is a sectional view of a light-emitting device of thisembodiment. In FIG. 23, the switching TFT 603 provided on the substrate700 is formed by using the n-channel TFT 503 of FIG. 20. Consequently,concerning the explanation of the structure, it is satisfactory to referthe explanation on the n-channel TFT 503.

Incidentally, although this example is of a double gate structure formedwith two channel regions, it is possible to use a single gate structureformed with one channel region or a triple gate structure formed withthree.

The driver circuit provided on the substrate 700 is formed by using theCMOS circuit of FIG. 20. Consequently, concerning the explanation of thestructure, it is satisfactory to refer the explanation on the n-channelTFT 501 and p-channel TFT 502. Incidentally, although this embodiment isof a single gate structure, it is possible to use a double gatestructure or a triple gate structure.

Meanwhile, the wirings 701, 703 serve as source wirings of the CMOScircuit while the wiring 702 as a drain wiring. Meanwhile, a wiring 704serves as a wiring to electrically connect between the source wiring 708and the source region of the switching TFT while the wiring 705 servesas a wiring to electrically connect between the drain wiring 709 and thedrain region of the switching TFT.

Incidentally, a current control TFT 604 is formed by using the p-channelTFT 502 of FIG. 20. Consequently, concerning the explanation of thestructure, it is satisfactory to refer to the explanation on then-channel TFT 502. Incidentally, although this embodiment is of a singlegate structure, it is possible to use a double gate structure or atriple gate structure.

Meanwhile, the wiring 706 is a source wiring of the current control TFT(corresponding to a current supply line) while the wiring 707 is anelectrode to be electrically connected to the pixel electrode 711 bybeing overlaid a pixel electrode 711 of the current control TFT.

Meanwhile, 711 is a pixel electrode (anode of a light-emitting element)formed by a transparent conductive film. As the transparent conductivefilm can be used a compound of indium oxide and tin oxide, a compound ofindium oxide and zinc oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide or indium oxide, orotherwise may be used a transparent conductive film as above added withgallium. The pixel electrode 711 is formed on a planar interlayerinsulating film 710 prior to forming the wirings. In this embodiment, itis very important to planarize the step due to the TFT by using a resinplanarizing film 710. A light-emitting layer to be formed later, becausebeing extremely small in thickness, possibly causes poor light emissiondue to the presence of a step. Accordingly, it is desired to provideplanarization prior to forming a pixel electrode so that alight-emitting layer can be formed as planar as possible.

After forming the wirings 701 to 707, a bank 712 is formed as shown inFIG. 23. The bank 712 may be formed by patterning an insulating film ororganic resin film containing silicon having 100-400 nm.

Incidentally, because the bank 712 is an insulating film, caution mustbe paid to element electrostatic breakdown during deposition. In thisembodiment added is a carbon particle or metal particle to an insulatingfilm as a material for the bank 712, thereby reducing resistivity andsuppressing occurrence of static electricity. In such a case, theaddition amount of carbon or metal particle may be adjusted to provide aresistivity of 1×10⁶1×10¹²Ωm (preferably 1×10⁸1×10¹⁰Ωm).

A light-emitting layer 713 is formed on the pixel electrode 711.Incidentally, although FIG. 23 shows only one pixel, this embodimentseparately forms light-emitting layers correspondingly to the respectivecolors of R (red), G (green) and B (blue). Meanwhile, in this embodimentis formed a low molecular weight organic electroluminescent material bythe deposition process. Specifically, this is a lamination structurehaving a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) film provided in a thickness of 20nm as a hole injecting layer and a tris-8-quinolinolato aluminum complex(Alq₃) film provided thereon in a thickness of 70 nm as a light-emittinglayer. The color of emission light can be controlled by adding afluorescent pigment, such as quinacridone, perylene or DCM1, to Alq₃.

However, the foregoing example is an example of organicelectroluminescent material to be used for a light-emitting layer andnot necessarily limited to this. It is satisfactory to form alight-emitting layer (layer for light emission and carrier movementtherefore) by freely combining a light-emitting layer, a chargetransporting layer and an electron injecting layer. For example,although in this embodiment was shown the example in which a lowmolecular weight organic electroluminescent material is used for alight-emitting layer, it is possible to use an intermediate molecularweight organic electroluminescent material and a high molecular weightorganic electroluminescent material In this specification, anintermediate molecular weight organic electroluminescent materials isdefined that an aggregate of an organic compound which does not havesubliming property or dissolving property (preferably, an aggregatewhich has molecularity of 10 or less), or an organic compound which hasa molecular chain length of 5 μm or less (preferably 50 nm or less). Foran example of using the high molecular weight organic electroluminescentmaterial, a polythiophene (PEDOT) film of 20 nm is formed by the spincoating method as a hole injection layer and the lamination structureinstalling paraphenylenvinylene of about 100 nm on it as alight-emitting layer may be good. The luminescence wave length can beselected from red to blue by using the n conjugated high molecular ofPPV. Meanwhile, it is possible to use an inorganic material such assilicon carbide for an electron transporting layer or charge injectinglayer. These organic electroluminescent materials or inorganic materialscan be a known material.

Next, a cathode 714 of a conductive film is provided on thelight-emitting layer 713. In this embodiment, as the conductive film isused an alloy film of aluminum and lithium. Of course, a known MgAg film(alloy film of magnesium and silver) may be used. As the cathodematerial may be used a conductive film of an element belonging to theperiodic-table group 1 or 2, or a conductive film added with such anelement.

A light-emitting element 715 is completed at a time having formed up tothe cathode 714. Incidentally, the light-emitting element 715 hereinrefers to a diode formed with a pixel electrode (anode) 711, alight-emitting layer 713 and a cathode 714.

It is effective to provide a passivation film 716 in such a manner tocompletely cover the light-emitting element 715. The passivation film716 is formed by an insulating film including a carbon film, a siliconnitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film, and used is an insulatingfilm in a single layer or a combined lamination.

In such a case, it is preferred to use a film favorable in coverage as apassivation film. It is effective to use a carbon film, particularly DLC(diamond-like carbon) film. The DLC film, capable of being deposited ina temperature range of from room temperature to 100° C. or less, can beeasily deposited over the light-emitting layer 713 low in heatresistance. Meanwhile, the DLC film, having a high blocking effect tooxygen, can suppress the light-emitting layer 713 from oxidizing.Consequently, prevented is the problem of oxidation in thelight-emitting layer 713 during the following seal process.

Furthermore, a seal member 717 is provided on the passivation film 716to bond a cover member 718. For the seal member 717 used may be anultraviolet-ray-set resin. It is effective to provide therein asubstance having a hygroscopic effect or an antioxidant effect.Meanwhile, in this embodiment, for the cover member 718 used is a glasssubstrate, quartz substrate or plastic substrate (including a plasticfilm) having carbon films (preferably diamond-like carbon films) formedon the both surfaces thereof.

Thus, completed is a light-emitting device having a structure as shownin FIG. 23. Incidentally, it is effective to continuously carry out,without release to the air, the process to form a passivation film 716after forming a bank 712 by using a deposition apparatus of amulti-chamber scheme (or in-line scheme). In addition, with furtherdevelopment it is possible to continuously carry out the process up tobonding a cover member 718, without release to the air.

In this manner, n-channel TFT 601, p-channel TFT 602, a switching TFT(n-channel TFT) 603 and a current control TFT (p-channel TFT) 604 on thesubstrate 700.

Furthermore, as was explained using FIG. 23, by providing an impurityregion overlapped with the gate electrode through an insulating film, itis possible to form an n-channel TFT resistive to the deteriorationresulting from hot-carrier effect. Consequently, a reliablelight-emitting device can be realized.

Meanwhile, this example shows only the configuration of the pixelportion and driver circuit. However, according to the manufacturingprocess in this embodiment, besides these, it is possible to form on thesame insulating member such logic circuits as a signal division circuit,a D/A converter, an operation amplifier, a γ-correction circuit or thelike. Furthermore, a memory or microprocessor can be formed.

The luminescence device made by the above-mentioned method has TFTformed by using the semiconductor film thoroughly annealed, because itis irradiated the laser beam with a very excellent uniformity of theenergy distribution. Therefore, the above-mentioned light-emittingdevice is obtained enough operation characteristic and reliability. Sucha light-emitting device can be used as display portions of variouselectronic equipment.

This embodiment can be properly combined with Embodiments 1 to 7.

Embodiment 10

Various semiconductor devices (active matrix type liquid crystal displaydevice, active matrix type light-emitting device or active matrix typeEC display device) can be formed by applying the present invention.Specifically, the present invention can be embodied in electronicequipment of any type in which such an electro optical device isincorporated in a display portion.

Such electronic equipment is a video camera, a digital camera, aprojector, a head-mounted display (goggle type display), a carnavigation system, a car stereo, a personal computer, or a mobileinformation terminal (such as a mobile computer, a mobile telephone oran electronic book). FIGS. 24, 25 and 26 show one of its examples.

FIG. 24A shows a personal computer which includes a main body 3001, animage input portion 3002, a display portion 3003, a keyboard 3004 andthe like. The invention can be applied to the display portion 3003.

FIG. 24B shows a video camera which includes a main body 3101, a displayportion 3102, a sound input portion 3103, operating switches 3104, abattery 3105, an image receiving portion 3106 and the like. Theinvention can be applied to the display portion 3102.

FIG. 24C shows a mobile computer which includes a main body 3201, acamera portion 3202, an image receiving portion 3203, an operatingswitch 3204, a display portion 3205 and the like. The invention can beapplied to the display portion 3205.

FIG. 24D shows a goggle type display which includes a main body 3301, adisplay portion 3302, arm portions 3303 and the like. The invention canbe applied to the display portion 3302.

FIG. 24E shows a player using a recording medium on which a program isrecorded (hereinafter referred to as the recording medium), and theplayer includes a main body 3401, a display portion 3402, speakerportions 3403, a recording medium 3404, operating switches 3405 and thelike. This player uses a DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), a CD and the likeas the recording medium, and enables a user to enjoy music, movies,games and the Internet. The invention can be applied to the displayportion 3402.

FIG. 24F shows a digital camera which includes a body 3501, a displayportion 3502, an eyepiece portion 3503, operating switches 3504, animage receiving portion (not shown) and the like. The invention can beapplied to the display portion 3502.

FIG. 25A shows a front type projector which includes a projection device3601, a screen 3602 and the like. The invention can be applied to aliquid crystal display device 3808 which constitutes a part of theprojection device 3601 as well as other driver circuits.

FIG. 25B shows a rear type projector which includes a main body 3701, aprojection device 3702, a mirror 3703, a screen 3704 and the like. Theinvention can be applied to the liquid crystal display device 3808 whichconstitutes a part of the projection device 3702 as well as other drivercircuits.

FIG. 25C shows one example of the structure of each of the projectiondevices 3601 and 3702 which are respectively shown in FIGS. 25A and 25B.Each of the projection devices 3601 and 3702 is made of a light sourceoptical system 3801, mirrors 3802 and 3804-3806, a dichroic mirror 3803,a prism 3807, a liquid crystal display device 3808, a phase differenceplate 3809 and a projection optical system 3810. The projection opticalsystem 3810 is made of an optical system including a projection lens.Embodiment 10 is an example of a three-plate type, but it is not limitedto this example and may also be of a single-plate type. In addition,those who embody the invention may appropriately dispose an opticalsystem such as an optical lens, a film having a polarization function, afilm for adjusting phase difference or an IR film in the path indicatedby arrows in FIG. 25C.

FIG. 25D is a view showing one example of the structure of the lightsource optical system 3801 shown in FIG. 25C. In Embodiment 10, thelight source optical system 3801 is made of a reflector 3811, a lightsource 3812, lens arrays 3813 and 3814, a polarizing conversion element3815 and a condenser lens 3816. Incidentally, the light source opticalsystem shown in FIG. 25D is one example, and the invention is notparticularly limited to the shown construction. For example, those whoseembody the invention may appropriately dispose an optical system such asan optical lens, a film having a polarization function, a film foradjusting phase difference or an IR film.

The projector shown in FIGS. 25A to 25D is of the type using atransparent type of electro optical device, but there is not shown anexample in which the invention is applied to a reflection type ofelectro optical device and a light-emitting device.

FIG. 26A shows a mobile telephone which includes a main body 3901, asound output portion 3902, a sound input portion 3903, a display portion3904, operating switches 3905, an antenna 3906 and the like. Theinvention can be applied to the display portion 3904.

FIG. 26B shows a mobile book (electronic book) which includes a mainbody 4001, display portions 4002 and 4003, a storage medium 4004,operating switches 4005, an antenna 4006 and the like. The invention canbe applied to the display portions 4002 and 4003.

FIG. 26C shows a display which includes a main body 4101, a support base4102, a display portion 4103 and the like. The invention can be appliedto the display portion 4103. The invention is particularly advantageousto a large-screen display, and is advantageous to a display having adiagonal size of 10 inches or more (particularly, 30 inches or more).

As is apparent from the foregoing description, the range of applicationsof the invention is extremely wide, and the invention can be applied toany category of electronic apparatus. Electronic apparatus according tothe invention can be realized by using a construction made of acombination of arbitrary ones of Embodiments 1 to 7 and 8.

By adopting the structures of the present invention, fundamentalsignificance can be obtained as follows.

(a) It is possible to form the laser beam having the uniform energydistribution on the irradiation surface (including the plane in thevicinity thereof). Further, it is possible to form the laser beam whichhas the uniform energy distribution on the irradiation surface(including the plane in the vicinity thereof) and is longer than theprior art in the length direction. This is particularly effective in thecase of the large area substrate.(b) It is possible to improve the throughput.(c) It is possible to provide the optical system having the uniformenergy distribution on the irradiation surface (including the plane inthe vicinity thereof) and the short optical path length. Accordingly,optical adjustment is easily performed and the footprint can be reduced,thereby realizing the smaller size apparatus. Further, even if theapparatus is installed in a clean room which is extremely high in costper unit area, it is possible to suppress the cost.(d) When the above-described advantages are satisfied, in thesemiconductor device represented by the active matrix liquid crystaldisplay device, it can be realized to improve the operationalcharacteristics and reliability of the semiconductor device. Inaddition, it can be realized to reduce the manufacturing cost of thesemiconductor device.

What is claimed is:
 1. A laser irradiation apparatus, comprising: a laser; a first cylindrical lens array for dividing a laser beam emitted from the laser into a plurality of laser beams in a first direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the laser beam; a cylindrical lens for superposing into one the plurality of laser beams which are divided in the first direction; a second cylindrical lens array for dividing the laser beam into a plurality of laser beams in a second direction perpendicular to both the optical axis and the first direction; and a toroidal lens or a crossed cylindrical lens for setting a convergent position of the laser beam superposed in the first direction on an irradiation surface and superposing into one the plurality of laser beams which are divided in the second direction on the irradiation surface.
 2. A laser irradiation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the laser is a solid laser or gas laser of a continuous oscillation type or pulse oscillation type.
 3. A laser irradiation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the laser is one selected from the group consisting of a continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation YAG laser, YVO₄ laser, YLF laser, YAlO₃ laser, glass laser, ruby laser, alexandrite laser, and Ti:sapphire laser.
 4. A laser irradiation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the laser is one selected from the group consisting of a continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser and Kr laser.
 5. A laser irradiation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the laser beam is converted into a harmonic by a non-linear optical element.
 6. A laser irradiation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the laser beam is one selected from the group consisting of a continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser and Kr laser.
 7. An optical system for a laser irradaition, comprising: a first cylindrical lens array for dividing a laser beam emitted from a laser into a plurality of laser beams in a first direction perpendicular to an optical axis of the laser beam; a cylindrical lens for superposing into one the plurality of laser beams which are divided in the first direction; a second cylindrical lens array for dividing the laser beam into a plurality of laser beams in a second direction perpendicular to both the optical axis and the first direction; and a toroidal lens or a crossed cylindrical lens for setting a convergent position of the laser beam superposed in the first direction on an irradiation surface and superposing into one the plurality of laser beams which are divided in the second direction on the irradiation surface.
 8. An optical system according to claim 7, wherein the laser is a solid laser or gas laser of a continuous oscillation type or pulse oscillation type.
 9. An optical system according to claim 7, wherein the laser is one selected from the group consisting of a continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation YAG laser, YVO₄ laser, YLF laser, YAlO₃ laser, glass laser, ruby laser, alexandrite laser, and Ti:sapphire laser.
 10. An optical system according to claim 7, wherein the laser is one selected from the group consisting of a continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser and Kr laser.
 11. An optical system according to claim 7, wherein the laser beam is converted into a harmonic by a non-linear optical element.
 12. An optical system according to claim 7, wherein the laser beam is one selected from the group consisting of a continuous oscillation or pulse oscillation excimer laser, Ar laser and Kr laser. 